In order to produce yarn or cloth from cotton, a crucial product in the Industrial Revolution’s creation of the factory system, a cotton mill is a structure that contains spinning or weaving gear.
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The majority of early mills were constructed in rural regions near swift-moving rivers and streams and were powered by water wheels, however others were propelled by animal power. Larger steam-powered mills expanded when Boulton and Watt developed practical steam engines in 1781. In urban mill cities like Manchester, they were constructed in concentrated fashion. By 1802, it had more than 50 mills, along with nearby Salford.
The development of the machine tool industry and the building of larger cotton mills were made possible by the mechanization of the spinning process in the early plants. Limited firms were created to build mills, and a sizable commercial metropolis grew alongside the operations of Manchester’s cotton exchange trading floors. Demand for jobs was created by mills, which attracted workers from mostly rural regions and increased the number of people living in cities. They gave women and girls wages. The factory system gave rise to organized labor, and child labor was employed in the mills. Exposing poor circumstances became a topic of discussion. To control them, the Factory Acts were drafted in England.
Originally a Lancashire invention, the cotton mill was later imitated in New England, New York, and the southern states of the United States. The United States overtook North West England as the dominant nation in the 20th century. Japan, other Asian nations, and eventually China dominated the cotton manufacturing industry in the years following World War II.
History
Manchester was a major wool manufacturing hub in the middle of the 16th century. Leigh and the area south of Manchester used raw cotton and flax that were brought in via the Mersey and Irwell Navigations.
Important innovations
Cotton manufacturing evolved from a home to a mechanized industry throughout the Industrial Revolution, thanks to technological advancements and inventions. With the development of John Kay’s flying shuttle in 1733, the weaving process became the first to be mechanized. In around 1764, James Hargreaves created the manually operated spinning jenny, which accelerated the spinning process. Richard Arkwright’s spinning frame and water frame, which were patented in 1769, were based on Paul and Bourne’s roller spinning technique. Although Samuel Crompton merged the ideas of the spinning jenny and water frame in his 1779 spinning mule, water power was not applied to it until 1792.
After Arkwright’s patent expired in 1783, a large number of mills were constructed, and by 1788, there were around 210 mills in Great Britain. The advancement of the machinery housed in cotton mills was correlated with their own development.
In Manchester, the home system of cotton manufacturing employed 30,000 people by 1774. Although cotton spinning in mills using water power and then steam power using fuel from the Lancashire Coalfield started to emerge before 1800, handloom weaving persisted into the middle of the 19th century. The mills employed many more people.
The late 20th century cotton mills (1950–2000)
England’s declining spinning
Mills ceased, but there was a minor resurgence after 1945. The most productive mills were using individual electric motors to operate the frames instead of steam engines. Originally constructed as a twin mill with 265,000 mule spindles, Broadstone Mills near Stockport was operating 37,500 mule spindles and 70,000 ring spindles by 1959. The Cotton Industry Act of 1959 allowed it to close in 1959, and the John Myers mail order firm thereafter exploited it. Later, one mill was dismantled, leaving the other to serve as a craft village and shopping outlet center. A legacy of obsolete mills that were easily repurposed for various industrial uses resulted from the capacity reduction.
With mills that had converted mules to rings, ring spinning technology had effectively supplanted the spinning mule. However, a new technique known as open-end or break spinning presented a threat to the exhausted industry in the 1970s. Carrington Viyella established an open-end spinning facility near Atherton in 1978. This was Lancashire’s first new textile production plant since 1929. Alder Mill in Leigh and Pear Mill in Stockport were shut down right away. Stott and Sons developed both of these Edwardian mills. Unit One was the name of the 1978 mill that was constructed on the site of the Howe Bridge mills. It was a combed cotton ring mill rather than an open end mill.
Contemporary cotton mills
The two primary methods used in modern spinning mills are ring spinning with spindles or open end spinning with rotors. Of the 202,979,000 ring spinning spindles that were installed globally in 2009, 82% were in Asia or Oceania, and 44% were in China. Of the 7,975,000 open end spinning rotors installed that year, 29% were in Eastern Europe and 44% were in Asia or Oceania. Since rotors are seven to ten times more prolific than spindles, they account for 20% of the cotton spun globally, and their average age is far lower.
More and more cotton mills nowadays are mechanized. In the United States, one sizable mill in Virginia employs 140 people in 2013 to create an output that would have needed almost 2,000 workers in 1980.
